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Pharaonic Egypt lost its independence with the Persian conquest of 525 b.c. Since that time, the history of Egypt has been the story of her conquest and rule by foreign peoples. In 641 A.D. Egypt was conquered by invading forces from Arabia. The crusading Islamic armies quickly conquered the lands of middle Asia, swept across northern Africa, and pushed all the way to Spain. Many who lived in these lands were forcibly converted to Islam and the Arab people settled in these areas. For two centuries after the Arab conquest of Egypt, it was a province ruled by a line of governors appointed by the caliphs in the east. Egypt provided abundant grain and tax revenue. In time most of the people accepted the Muslim faith, and the Arabic language became the language of government, culture, and commerce. The Arabization of the country was aided by the continued settlement of Arab tribes in Egypt. This process continues to this day. Despite this continuing process of foreign conquest and rule, Egypt has remained fundamentally a Black (Eastern Hamitic) nation.
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